二苯并噻吩在分散型钼催化剂和原位产生的氢存在下的加氢脱硫Ⅰ. 产物分布和反应网络(英)

研究 了水／ 甲苯 乳化液 中二苯并 噻吩（ 硫 芴, Ｄ Ｂ Ｔ） 在 分散型钼 酸和磷 钼酸催 化剂 存在 下的 加氢 脱硫反应 ． 反应 在高压釜 中于３４０ ℃ 及经 水 煤气 转换 反 应（ Ｗ Ｇ Ｓ Ｒ） 产 生的 原位 氢 存在 下 进行． 用 Ｇ Ｃ 和 Ｇ Ｃ Ｍ Ｓ鉴定、分析了气 体和液体 产物的 组成． 结果表明 ： 在 反应过程 中部分加 氢的中 间产物 １ ,２ ,３ ,４四 氢硫 芴（４ Ｈ Ｄ Ｂ Ｔ） 和１ ,２ ,３ ,４ ,１０ ,１１六 氢硫芴（６ Ｈ Ｄ Ｂ Ｔ） 的 浓度相 当高,但 二联 苯的 浓度 相对 较 低,说 明加 氢 路径 与 氢解路径相 当． 提出的硫 芴加氢脱 硫反 应 网 络包 含 两个 反 应 途径 ： 噻吩 环 先 直接 氢 解脱 硫, 紧 接 着苯 环 加氢 途径; 苯环先 加氢,然 后噻吩环 氢解脱硫 途径． 同时,还 包含环 烷环的异 构化反 应．     

二苯并噻吩在分散型钼催化剂和原位产生的氢存在下的加氢脱硫Ⅱ. 原位氢和分子氢的比较(英)

研 究了水／ 甲苯 乳化液 中二苯 并噻 吩（ 硫 芴） 在 分散 型钼酸 、磷钼 酸和四 硫钼 酸铵催 化剂 存在下 的加氢脱 硫反应． 反应在 高压釜 中于３４０ ℃ 及三种 不同 的气 氛 即 Ｈ２ , Ｈ２／ Ｈ２ Ｏ 和 Ｃ Ｏ／ Ｈ２ Ｏ（ Ｃ Ｏ 和 Ｈ２ Ｏ 经 水 煤气转换反 应（ Ｗ Ｇ Ｓ Ｒ） 产生原 位氢） 的 存在下进 行． 用 Ｇ Ｃ 和 Ｇ Ｃ Ｍ Ｓ 鉴定 、分 析了 气 体和 液体 产 物的 组成 ． 结果表明： 对硫芴 的加氢 脱硫反应 ,在分散 型钼酸 和磷 钼 酸存 在下 ,原 位产 生 的氢 比加 入 的分 子氢 更 为有 效． 动力学研 究结果 表明： Ｗ Ｇ Ｓ Ｒ 反应 比硫芴的 加氢脱硫 反应快 ５ ～１０ 倍, 说明在原 位氢存 在下硫芴 的加 氢脱 硫反应是速 度控制 步骤． 总之,试 验结果证 实,在分 散型催化 剂和 原位 氢存 在 下的 加氢 过 程是 重油 乳 状液 改 质和破乳 的有效方 法．     

Dominant role of dielectronic satellites in the radiation spectra of a laser plasma near the target surface

It is shown that in a dense, not very hot, multiply charged plasma the satellite structures of resonance lines can become more intense than the resonance lines themselves. Experimental and theoretical investigations show that the conditions under which the satellite structures dominate in the emission spectrum of the plasma are quite easily realized experimentally and, furthermore, apparently they will be the most typical case in investigations of compressed plasma regions in inertial-confinement fusion experiments and in the study of plasma produced by high-contrast pico-and femtosecond laser pulses. Pis’ma Zh. éksp. Teor. Fiz. 65, No. 9, 679–684 (10 May 1997)     

The generation of fast particles in plasmas created by laser pulses with different wavelengths

By means of spatially resolved high-resolution X-ray spectroscopy, we have investigated the generation of fast ions at various laser installations with different flux densities and laser wavelengths. It is demonstrated that the fast ion generation in laser-produced plasma can be achieved for a very low level of the averaged laser intensity on the target. The time-of-flight mass spectrometry ion diagnostics and X-ray spectrographs give very close results for the energy distribution of the thermal ion component. For higher energies, however, we found significant differences: the spatially resolved high-resolution spectrographs expose the presence of suprathermal ions, while the time-of-flight method does not. Suprathermal ion energies E _ion plotted as a function of the qλ² parameter show a large scatter far above the experimental errors. The cause of these large scatters is attributed to a strong nonuniformity of the laser intensity distribution in the focal spot. The analysis by means of hydrodynamics and spectral simulations show that the X-ray emission spectrum is a complex convolution from different parts of the plasma with strongly different electron density and temperature. It is shown that the highly resolved Li-like satellite spectrum near Heαcontains significant distortions even for very low hot electron fractions. Non-Maxwellian spectroscopy allows determination of both the hot electron fraction and the bulk electron temperature.     

Nicotine-related impurities in e-cigarette cartridges and refill e-liquids

The nicotine used in e-cigarettes and refill e-liquids is extracted from tobacco, and its purity can vary depending upon manufacturer and grade. The US and European Pharmacopoeias make recommendations for the purity of nicotine intended for pharmaceuticals; however, there is no official purity recommendation for nicotine used in e-cigarettes. To date, there are few published reports on nicotine-related impurities in e-cigarettes and refill e-liquids. The objective of this work was to develop a sensitive, selective, and robust analytical method for the quantitation of nicotine-related impurities in e-vapor products and to evaluate the nicotine-related impurities in a variety of commercial e-cigarette cartridges (n?=?10) and refill e-liquids (n?=?10). Nicotine-N-oxide, nornicotine, mysomine, and cotinine were observed to increase with time during stability studies. This method was also applied to estimate the transfer efficiency of nicotine-related impurities to the aerosol. Most of the impurities were observed to transfer efficiently. However, nicotine-N-oxides showed low transfer efficiency and demonstrated thermal degradation. This selective and sensitive method is suitable to provide quantitative data for risk assessments and for use in e-cigarette product and refill e-liquid stability studies as one of the stability-indicating measures.     

Syntheses,structural studies and spectroscopic characterisation of pyridyl–phthalimide complexes of fac-(CO)3ReI-diimines

The mono-dentate ligands, 3-aminomethyl-N-phthalimido-pyridine (L¹) and 3-amino-N-phthalimido-pyridine (L²), were synthesised using a solvent-free melt method. These ligands were then used to access three pairs of functionalised luminescent Re^I complexes of the generic type fac-{Re(CO)₃(diimine)(Lⁿ)}(BF₄) [where diimine = 4,4′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine (dmb); 2,2′-bipyridine (bpy); 1,10-phenanthroline (phen)]. X-ray crystallography has been used to structurally characterise five of the complexes showing that in the cases of the L¹ species the phthalimide unit is adjacent to and co-planar with the coordinated diimine ligand. Solution state UV–Vis absorption, electrochemistry and IR studies confirm that the proposed formulations and coordination modes exist in solution. The photophysical studies show that the visible emission from each of the six complexes is ³MLCT at room temperature. Within each pair of complexes the precise energy of the emission was subtly dependent upon the axial ligand, Lⁿ with luminescence lifetimes in the range 121–288 ns.     

Laser–plasma–source debris-related investigations: an aspect of the ENEA micro-exposure tool

Debris mitigation is still a critical issue for the development of extreme ultraviolet projection lithography (EUVL). Here, we describe the analysis of the efficiency of the debris-mitigation system (DMS) presently in use in the laser–plasma–source micro-exposure tool (MET) operating at the Frascati ENEA Research Center. Basic to such an analysis is a code specifically developed for processing the images of debris-flux-exposed glass slides. The code stands out as a tool for further plasma debris-related analyses.     

Studying of optical and morphological properties of SiO2-MOx (M: Co/Cu) glasses prepared by the sol-gel method

The cobalt oxide-silica and copper oxide-silica glasses are prepared by the sol-gel method. Tetra-Ethyl-Ortho-Silicate (TEOS) is used as source of the silica and transition metal nitrate is used as the dopant. The morphological, structural and optical properties of the samples are investigated by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy Dispersion Analysis by X-ray (EDAX), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Ultra-Violet/Visible (UV/Vis) spectrophotometer. The influences of heat treatment temperature and withdrawal rate on absorption/transmission spectra are investigated in the range 400-800 nm. In the cobalt oxide-silica, the intensity and position of absorption bands (λ_max) are changed by heat treatment. These behaviors are explained through the Bathochromic and the Hyperochromic effects. In addition, the effect of the withdrawal rate on transmission curves is explained in terms of the Levich equation and Beer-Lambert law.     

Dendritic arrays of [Re6(mu3-Se)8]2+ core-containing clusters: exploratory synthesis and electrochemical studies

The reaction between the previously reported site-differentiated cluster solvate [Re(6)(mu(3)-Se)(8)(PEt(3))(5)(MeCN)](SbF(6))(2) (1) with pyridyl-based ditopic ligands 4,4'-trimethylenedipyridine (2), 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethane (3), and (E)-1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethene (4) afforded cluster complexes of the general formula [Re(6)(mu(3)-Se)(8)(PEt(3))(5)(L)](SbF(6))(2) (5-7), where L represents one of the pyridyl-based ligands. Reacting these cluster complex-based ligands with the fully solvated cluster complex [Re(6)(mu(3)-Se)(8)(MeCN)(6)](SbF(6))(2) (8) produced dendritic arrays of the general formula {Re(6)(mu(3)-Se)(8)[Re(6)(mu(3)-Se)(8)(PEt(3))(5)(L)](6)}(SbF(6))(14) (9-11), each featuring six circumjacent [Re(6)(mu(3)-Se)(8)(PEt(3))(5)](2+) units bridged to a [Re(6)(mu(3)-Se)(8)](2+) core cluster by the pyridyl-based ligands. Electrochemical studies using a thin-layer electrochemical cell revealed cluster-based redox events in these cluster arrays. For 9 (L = 2), one reversible oxidation event corresponding to the removal of 7 electrons was observed, indicating noninteraction or extremely weak interactions between the clusters. For 10 (L = 3), two poorly resolved oxidation waves were found. For 11 (L = 4), two reversible oxidation events, corresponding respectively to the removal of 1 and 6 electrons, were observed with the 1-electron oxidation event occurring at a potential 150 mV more positive than the 6-electron oxidation. These electrochemical studies suggest intercluster coupling in 11 via through-bond electronic delocalization, which is consistent with electronic spectroscopic studies of this same molecule.